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Too Early Or Too Late? Assessing The Adoption Level Of Precision Agriculture In Brazil.
From Words to Votes: Decoding Sentiment in Brazilian Presidential Candidates’ Tweets.
Public coverage of dental care: universal or targeted?.
Competition matters: uniform vs. indication-based pricing of pharmaceuticals.
On the relationship of country geopolitical risk on energy inflation.
AI Unboxed and Jobs: A Novel Measure and Firm-Level Evidence from Three Countries.
Modelling causality in nonstationary variances with an application to carbon markets.
Taking the competitor´s pill: when combination therapies enter pharmaceutical markets.
Digitalization: the edge of first movers.
Trade, renewable energy, and market power in power markets.
Do Earnouts Create the Right Incentives?: Earnings Management Around Earnout-Based Acquisitions.
Fernando Alexandre and Diogo Ferreira and Sandro Mendonça and Miguel Portela. The elusive impact of R&D grants on firm productivity.
Vanessa Cirulli and Giorgia Marini and Marco A. Marini and Odd Rune Straume. Do Hospital Mergers Reduce Waiting Times? Theory and Evidence from the English NHS.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Francisco Carballo-Cruz. Can data openness unlock competition when an incumbent has exclusive data access for personalized pricing?.
Natália P. Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Management, performance and pay.
Rita Sousa, Cristiana Gião. Desenvolvimento de uma Matriz de Contabilidade Social para a análise do efeito das alterações climáticas no turismo.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Jie Shuai. Behavior-Based Price Discrimination with a General Demand.
Rosa-Branca Esteves & Nicolas Pasquier. Winners and Losers of Gatekeeper-Induced Consumer Preference Distortion in Promoting Personalized Pricing by Asymmetric Firms.
João Cerejeira, Rita Sousa, Carolina Bernardo, António Bento-Gonçalves. Do wildfires burn tourism intentions? The case of Portugal.
Cristina Amado . Outlier Robust Specification of Multiplicative Time-Varying Volatility Models.
Tommy Staahl Gabrielsen, Bjorn Olav Johansen, Odd Rune Straume. Merger control in retail markets with national pricing.
Rosa-Branca Esteves, Ziad Ghandour, Odd Rune Straume . Quality discrimination in healthcare markets.
Rosa Branca Esteves. The welfare effects of group and personalized pricing in markets with multi-unit buyers with a decreasing disutility cost in consumption.
Kurt R. Brekke and Dag Morten Dalen and Odd Rune Straume. The price of cost-effectiveness thresholds.
Pedro Luis Silva and Carla Sá and Ricardo Biscaia and Pedro N. Teixeira. High school and exam scores: Does their predictive validity for academic performance vary with programme selectivity?.
Kurt R. Brekke and Dag Morten Dalen and Odd Rune Straume. Competing with precision: incentives for developing predictive biomarker tests.
Ziad Ghandour. Public-Private Competition in Regulated Markets.
Wesley Mendes-da-Silva and Israel José dos Santos Felipe and Cristiana Cerqueira Leal and Marcelo Otone Aguiar. Tone of Mass Media News Affect Pledge Amounts in Reward Crowdfunding Campaign.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Francisco Carballo Cruz. Can data openness unlock competition when the incumbent has exclusive data access for personalized pricing?.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Jie Shuai. Personalized prices in a delivered pricing model with a price sensitive demand.
J. Jerónimo and Assis de Azevedo and P. Neves and M. Thompson. Interactions between Financial Constraints and Economic Growth.
Susana Campos-Martins and Cristina Amado. Modelling Time-Varying Volatility Interactions.
Paulo Bastos and Natália P. Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. The Division of Unexpected Revenue Shocks.
Julien Pinter. Monetarist arithmetic at Covid-19 time: a take on how not to misapply the quantity theory of money.
Israel J. S. Felipe and W. Mendes-Da-Silva and C. Cerqueira Leal and D. B. Santos. Reward Crowdfunding Campaigns: Time-To-Success Analysis.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Competition, quality and integrated health care.
Rosa-Branca Esteves. Can personalized pricing be a winning strategy in oligopolistic markets with heterogeneous demand customers? Yes, it can..
Fernando Alexandre. Avaliação dos incentivos financeiros às empresas em Portugal: QREN (2007-2013) e PT2020 (2014-2018).
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Gilmar Conceição and Maria Joana Soares. How far is gas from becoming a global commodity?.
Gilberto Loureiro and Sónia Silva. The Impact of Securities Regulation on the Information Environment around Stock-Financed Acquisitions.
Toke S. Aidt and Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Election Results and Opportunistic Policies: An Integrated Approach.
João Martins and Linda Veiga and Bruno Fernandes. Does electronic government deter corruption? Evidence from across the world..
Rosa Branca Esteves and Francisco Carballo Cruz. Access to Data for Personalized Pricing: Can it raise entry barriers and abuse of dominance concerns?.
Ziad Ghandour and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Investment and Quality Competition in Healthcare Markets.
Vasco e Luís F. Martins Gabriel. The Forecast Performance of Long Memory and Markov Switching Models.
Vasco e Luís F. Martins Gabriel. The Properties of Cointegration Tests in Models with Structural Change.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and Maria Marlene de Freitas and Raquel Bernardette Mendes. O Turismo no Espaço Rural: Uma Digressão Pelo Tema a Pretexto da Situação e Evolução do Fenómeno em Portugal.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Luis Martins. The properties of cointegration tests in models with structural change.
António Mendes da Silva Ferraz. Área Monetária Óptima e Política Monetária na Zona Euro: Duas Questões em Debate.
Vasco J. Gabriel. Tests for the Null Hypothesis of Cointegration: a Monte Carlo Comparison.
Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. The determinants of vote intentions in Portugal.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and Fernando Parente and José Viseu. Plano de Desenvolvimento Desportivo Municipal.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria. The Stability Properties of Goodwin’s Growth Cycle Model.
Fernando Alexandre and John Driffill and Fabio Spagnolo. Inflation Targeting and Exchange Rate-Coordination.
Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Popularity Functions, Partisan Effects and Support in Parliament.
Dolores Cabral and Ricardo Sousa. Indicadores de Localização, Especialização e Diversificação e Análise Shift-share: Uma Aplicação às NUT III da Região Norte no Período 1986-1998.
Vasco Gabriel. Cointegration and the Joint Confirmation Hypothesis.
Luís F. Aguiar. The Adequacy of the Traditional Econometric Approach to Nonlinear Cycles.
António Ferraz. A Política Orçamental no Quadro do Pacto de Estabilidade e Crescimento na Zona Euro: Um Contributo Crítico.
Francisco José Veiga. IMF Arrangements, Politics and The Timing of Stabilizations.
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação. Equitity Prices and Monetary Policy: An Overview with an Exploratory Model.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Martin Sola and Zacharias Psaradakis. A Simple Method for Testing Cointegration Subject to Regime Changes.
António Ferraz and Mónica Vieira. Reforma do Sistema de Segurança Social em Portugal: Um Contributo Crítico.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga. The Political Economy of Local Governments’ Expenditures.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Martin Sola and Zacharias Psaradakis. Residual-based Tests for Cointegration and Multiple Regime Shifts.
Fernando Alexandre. Monetary Policy, Investment and Non-Fundamental Shocks.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and José de Freitas Santos. Territory and Regional Products: An Attempt to Evaluate The Effects of Territory Information on Product Price.
Luís Francisco Aguiar-Conraria. Predicting the Performance of a First Year Graduate Student.
Maria João Thompson. Endogenous Growth: Analytical Review of its Generating Mechanisms.
Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Economia, Popularidade e Intenções de Voto em Portugal: Uma Análise Longitudinal com Dados Agregados.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Property of Stocks and Wealth Effects on Consumption.
Paulo Reis Mourão. Talking About Economics Using “The Grapes of Wrath.
Vítor Castro and Francisco José Veiga. Political Business Cycles and Inflation Stabilization.
João Carlos Cerejeira da Silva. Local Human Capital Externalities or Sorting? Evidence From a Displaced Workers Sample.
Vitor Castro. The Impact of Conflicts of Interest on Inflation Stabilization.
Maria João Ribeiro Thompson. Complementarities, Costly Investment and Multiple Equilibria in a One-Sector Endogenous Growth Model.
Manuela Francisco and Michael Bleaney. Exchange Rate Regimes and Monetary Discipline – Only Hard Pegs Make a Difference.
Maria João Ribeiro Thompson. A Nonscale Growth Model with R&D and Human Capital Accumulation.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. The Dynamics of Inflation and Currency Substitution in a Small Open Economy.
Francisco José Veiga. The Political Economy of Failed Stabilization.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Revisiting Dollarisation Hysteresis: Evidence from Bolivia, Turkey and Indonesia.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Currency Substitution and Money Demand in Euroland.
Ari Aisen and Francisco José Veiga. Does Political Instability Lead to Higher and More Volatile Inflation? A Panel Data Analysis.
João Cerejeira Silva. Estimating the Employer Size-Wage Premium in a Panel Data Model With Comparative Advantage and Non-random Selection.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Yi Wen. Foreign Trade and Equilibrium Indeterminacy.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Francisco José Veiga. Political Business Cycles at the Municipal Level.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and José de Freitas Santos. Portuguese Olive Oil and The Price of Regional Products: Does Designation of Origin Really Matter?.
Paulo Reis Mourão. As Disparidades Regionais em Portugal: Uma Sugestão a Partir de Índices Sintéticos.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro. The Impact of Privatisation on Wages: Evidence from the Portuguese Banking Industry.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro. Regulatory Reform and the Portuguese Banking Labour Market: Two Decades Late.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Currency Substitution, Portfolio Diversification and Money Demand.
César Coelho. Elections and Governments’ Behaviour – An Application to Portuguese Municipalities.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria. Public vs Private Schooling in an Endogenous Growth Model.
Manuela Francisco and Michael Bleaney. Inflation Persistence and Exchange Rate Regimes:Evidence from Developing Countries.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and José Viseu and Tânia Delalande and Cristina Rodrigues. UEFA Euro 2004 Visitor Analysis.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and José Viseu and Tânia Delalande and Cristina Rodrigues. UEFA Euro 2004 Tourism Impact Analysis.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and José Viseu and Nuno Pereira. Sport Tourism: Regional Promotion Strategies.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro. Using Propensity Matching Estimators to Evaluate the Impact of Privatisation on Wages.
Paulo Reis Mourão. Que critérios redistributivos na Lei das Finanças Locais?.
Paulo Reis Mourão. Elasticities of Regional and Local Administrations Expenditures – The Portuguese Case.
Paulo Reis Mourão. Incentivos à Localização em Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (os séculos XII – XVI).
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação. Monetary Policy and Asset Prices: The Investment Channel.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Yi Wen. Understanding the Impact of Oil Shocks.
João Cerejeira Silva. Searching, Matching and Education: “Searching, Matching and Education: a Note.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Portugal-EU convergence revisited: evidence for the period 1960-2003.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Consumption, (Dis) Aggregate Wealth and Asset Returns.
Linda G. Veiga and Maria Manuel Pinho. The Political Economy of Portuguese Intergovernmental Grants.
Carlos Cortinhas. Intra-Industry Trade and Business Cycles in ASEAN.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and J. Freitas Santos. Dilemas Competitivos da Empresa Nacional: Algumas Reflexões.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and J. Freitas Santos. No Trilho de uma Nova Política Regional.
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação and Vasco J. Gabriel. On the Stability of the Wealth Effect.
César Coelho and Francisco Veiga and Linda G. Veiga. Political Business Cycles in Local Employment.
Francisco José Veiga and Ari Aisen. The Political Economy of seigniorage.
J. Cadima Ribeiro and J. Freitas Santos. An investigation of the relationship between counterfeiting and culture: evidence from the European Union.
Carlos Cortinhas. Asymmetry of Shocks and Convergence in Selected Asean Countries: A Dynamic Analysis.
Francisco José Veiga and Ari Aisen. Political Instability and Inflation Volatility.
Paulo Reis Mourão. The importance of the regional development on the location of professional soccer teams. The Portuguese case 1970-1999.
Ana Rute Cardoso and Miguel Portela. The Provision of Wage Insurance by the Firm: Evidence from a Longitudinal Matched Employer-Employee Dataset.
Manuela Francisco and Paulo Correa and Mariam Dayoub. Identifying Supply-Side Constraints to Export Performance in Ecuador: An Exercise with Investment Climate Survey Data.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Sobre a perda de ímpeto no processo de convergência da economia portuguesa: uma interpretação dogmática.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Sandra Aguiar and Mohamed Azzim Gulamhussen. Foreign Direct Investment and Home Country Political Risk: The Case of Brazil.
Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. The Impact of Local and National Economic Conditions on Legislative Election Results.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Francisco José Veiga. Does Opportunism Pay Off?.
Manuela Magalhães and Ana Paula Africano. A Panel Analysis of the FDI Impact on International Trade.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria. A Note on the Stability Properties of Goodwin`s Predator-Prey Model.
Ana Rute Cardoso and Miguel Portela and Carla Sá and Fernando Alexandre. Demand for higher education programs: the impact of the Bologna process.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Yi Wen. Oil Dependence and Economic Instability.
Carlos Cortinhas. Exchange Rate Pass-Through in ASEAN: Implications for the Prospects of Monetary Integration in the Region.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Customer Poaching and Advertising.
Vitor Castro. The Impact of the European Union Fiscal Rules on Economic Growth.
Odd Rune Straume and Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani. Competition and Waiting Times in Hospital Markets.
Maria Thompson. Complementarities and Costly Investment in a One-Sector Growth Model.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro. Regulatory reform and labour earnings in Portuguese banking.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. Oil and the Macroeconomy: new tools to analyze old issues.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares and Nuno Azevedo. Decomposing time-frequency economic relationships.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação. The Consumption-Wealth Ratio Under Asymmetric Adjustment.
Carla Sá and Raymond Florax and Piet Rietveld. Living-arrangement and university decisions of Dutch young adults.
Vitor Castro. The Causes of Excessive Deficits in the European Union.
Francisco Torres. The long road to EMU: The Economic and Political Reasoning behind Maastricht.
Francisco Torres. On the efficiency-legitimacy trade-off in EMU.
Francisco Torres. A convergência para a União Económica e Monetária: objectivo nacional ou constrangimento externo?.
Annette Bongardt and Francisco Torres. Is the ‘European Model’ viable in a globalized world?.
Annette Bongardt and Francisco Torres. Institutions, Governance and Economic Growth in the EU: is there a role for the Lisbon Strategy.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Expectations, Shocks, and Asset Returns.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Wealth Shocks and Risk Aversion.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Pricing with Customer Recognition.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Odd Rune Straume. Technology resistance and globalisation with trade unions: the choice between employment protection and flexicurity.
Toke S. Aidt and Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. “Election Results and Opportunistic Policies: An Integrated Approach.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães. Referendum Design, Quorum Rules and Turnout.
João Cerejeira Silva. Young Employment, Job-Skill Composition and Minimum Wages: Evidence from a ‘Natural Experiment.
Cristina Amado and Timo Teräsvirta. Modelling Conditional and Unconditional Heteroskedasticity with Smoothly Time-Varying Structure.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Odd Rune Straume. Regulation, generic competition and pharmaceutical prices: Theory and evidence from a natural experiment.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Odd Rune Straume. Regulation, generic competition and pharmaceutical prices: Theory and evidence from a natural experiment.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Frode Meland and Odd Rune Straume. Mergers and capital flight in unionised oligopolies: Is there scope for a ‘national champion’ policy?.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Paul Levine and Christopher Spencer. How forward-looking is the Fed? Direct estimates from a ‘Calvo-type’ rule.
Kurt R. Brekke and Roberto Cellini and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Competition and quality in regulated markets: a differential-game approach.
Delfim Gomes Neto and Francisco José Veiga. Financial globalization, convergence and growth.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital competition and quality with regulated prices.
Tor Helge Holmås and Egil Kjerstad and Hilde Lurås and Odd Rune Straume. Does monetary punishment crowd out pro-social motivation? The case of hospital bed-blocking.
Fernando Alexandre and Miguel Portela and Carla Sá. Admission conditions and graduates’ employability.
Paulo Bastos and Natália Pimenta Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Firm heterogeneity and wages in unionised labour markets: theory and evidence.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Price Discrimination with Partial Information: Does it pay off?.
José Cadima Ribeiro and José Freitas Santos. Portuguese quality wine and the region-of-origin effect: consumers’ and retailers’ perceptions.
Ricardo M. Sousa and António Afonso. The Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Policy.
António Afonso and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Policy, Housing and Stock Prices.
Pedro C. Magalhães and Luís Aguiar-Conraria. Growth, Centrism and Semi-Presidentialism: Forecasting the Portuguese General Elections.
Vitor Castro. Are Central Banks following a linear or nonlinear (augmented) Taylor rule?.
Vitor Castro. The duration of economic expansions and recessions: More than duration dependence.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Wealth Effects on Consumption: Evidence from the euro area.
Óscar Afonso and Maria Thompson. Costly Investment, Complementarities and the Skill Premium.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Pataaree Sangduan. Assessing Fiscal Sustainability Subject to Policy Changes: A Markov Switching Cointegration Approach.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. Business Cycle Synchronization Across the Euro-Area: a Wavelet Analysis.
António Afonso and Luca Agnello and Davide Furceri and Ricardo M. Sousa. Assessing Long-Term Fiscal Developments: a New Approach.
Davide Furceri and Ricardo M. Sousa. The Impact of Government Spending on the Private Sector: Crowding-out versus Crowding-in Effects.
Tuomas A. Peltonen and Ricardo M. Sousa and Isabel S. Vansteenkiste. Wealth Effects in Emerging Market Economies.
Ricardo M. Sousa and António Afonso. The Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Policy in Portugal: a Bayesian SVAR Analysis.
Paulo Bastos and Natália Pimenta Monteiro. Managers and wage policies.
António Afonso and Ricardo M. Sousa. Assessing Long-Term Fiscal Developments: Evidence from Portugal.
António Afonso and Peter Claeys and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Regime Shifts in Portugal.
Toke S. Aidt and Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Election Results and Opportunistic Policies: A New Test of the Rational Political Business Cycle Model.
Michael Bleaney and Manuela Francisco. What Makes Currencies Volatile? An Empirical Investigation.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Price and Quality in Spatial Competition.
Tuomas A .Peltonen and Ricardo M. Sousa and Isabel S. Vansteenkiste. Fundamentals, Financial Factors and The Dynamics of Investment in Emerging Markets.
Tuomas A. Peltonen and Ricardo M. Sousa and Isabel S. Vansteenkiste. Asset prices, Credit and Investment in Emerging Markets.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães. How quorum rules distort referendum outcomes: evidence from a pivotal voter model.
Maria Joana Girante and Barry K. Goodwin and Allen Featherstone. Wealth, Debt, Government Payments, and Yield Performance.
Maria Joana Girante and Barry K. Goodwin. The Acreage and Borrowing Effects of Direct Payments Under Uncertainty: A Simulation.
Luca Agnello and Ricardo M. Sousa. The Determinants of Public Deficit Volatility.
Oscar Afonso and Sara Monteiro and Maria Thompson. A Growth Model for the Quadruple Helix Innovation Theory.
Linda G. Veiga. Determinants of the assignment of E.U. funds to Portuguese municipalities.
Paulo Bastos and Odd Rune Straume. Globalization, product differentiation and wage inequality.
Linda Veiga and Francisco José Veiga. Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers as Pork Barrel.
Rui Nuno Baleiras. Que mudanças na Política de Coesão para o horizonte 2020?.
Ari Aisen and Francisco José Veiga. How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?.
Carla Sá and Diana Amado Tavares and Elsa Justino and Alberto Amaral. Higher education (related) choices in Portugal: joint decisions on institution type and leaving home.
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação and João Cerejeira and Miguel Portela. Exchange rates, employment and labour market rigidity.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães and Maria Joana Soares. On Waves in War and Elections – Wavelet Analysis of Political Time-Series.
Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. Monetary Policy and Economic Activity in the BRICS.
Vitor Castro and Ricardo M. Sousa. How Do Central Banks React to Wealth Composition and Asset Prices?.
Luca Agnello and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Policy and Asset Prices.
Vitor Castro. The duration of business cycle expansions and contractions: Are there change-points in duration dependence?.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Manuel M. F. Martins and Maria Joana Soares. The yield curve and the macro-economy across time and frequencies.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Odd Rune Straume. Margins and Market Shares: Pharmacy Incentives for Generic Substitution.
Oscar Afonso and Pedro Neves and Maria Thompson. Costly Investment, Complementarities, International Technological-Knowledge Diffusion and the Skill Premium.
Paulo Mourão and Linda G. Veiga. Elections, Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Illusion.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães and Maria Joana Soares. Synchronism in Electoral Cycles: How United are the United States?.
Adelaide Figueiredo and Fernanda Figueiredo and Natália Pimenta Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Restructuring in privatised firms: a Statis approach.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro and Miguel Portela and Odd Rune Straume. Firm ownership and rent sharing.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Fernando Alexandre and Manuel Correia de Pinho. O Euro e o Crescimento da Economia Portuguesa: Uma Análise Contrafactual.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. Business Cycle Synchronization and the Euro: a Wavelet Analysis.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Frode Meland and Odd Rune Straume. North-south technology transfer in unionised multinationals.
Kemal Kizilca and João Cerejeira and Miguel Portela and Carla Sá. Minimum wage, fringe benefits, overtime payments and the gender wage gap.
Rodrigo Martins and Francisco José Veiga. Economic Voting in Portuguese Municipal Elections.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Pataaree Sangduan. An Efficient Test of Fiscal Sustainability.
Nicoletta Batini and Vasco J. Gabriel and Paul Levine and Joseph Pearlman. A Floating versus Managed Exchange Rate Regime in a DSGE Model of India.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Luis F. Martins. The cost channel reconsidered: a comment using an identification-robust approach.
Vasco J. Gabriel and Luis F. Martins. Cointegration Tests Under Multiple Regime Shifts: An Application to the Stock Price-Dividend Relationship.
Carlos Gama Nogueira and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Economic determinants of citizens’ support for the European Union.
Pedro C. Magalhães and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and1822/ Michael S. Lewis-Beck. Forecasting Spanish Elections.
Cristina Amado and Timo Teräsvirta. Conditional Correlation Models of Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Nonstationary GARCH Equations.
Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume and Roberto Cellini. Quality Competition with Motivated Providers and Sluggish Demand.
Vítor Castro. The Portuguese Stock Market Cycle: Chronology and Duration Dependence.
Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. The real effects of financial stress in the Euro zone.
Vítor Castro. The Portuguese Business Cycle: Chronology and Duration Dependence.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Yi Wen. OPEC´s Oil Exporting Strategy and Macroeconomic (In)Stability.
António Afonso and Ricardo M. Sousa. Consumption, Wealth, Stock and Government Bond Returns: International Evidence.
Rosa Branca Esteves and Joana Resende. Competitive Targeted Advertising with Price Discrimination.
Rosa-Branca Esteves. Price discrimination with private and imperfect information.
Rui Nuno Baleiras. Collective Efficiency Strategies: A Regional Development Policy Contribution for Competitiveness Enhancement.
Kurt Brekke and Rosella Levaggi and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Patient Mobility, Health Care Quality and Welfare.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães and Maria Joana Soares. Cycles in Politics: Wavelet Analysis of Political Time-Series.
Luca Agnello and Vitor Castro and Ricardo M. Sousa. How Does Fiscal Policy React to Wealth Composition and Asset Prices.
Hélia Costa and Linda Veiga and Miguel Portela. Strategic Interaction in Local Fiscal Policy: Evidence from Portuguese Municipalities.
Ricardo M. Sousa. Wealth, Labour Income, Stock Returns and Government Bond Yields, and Financial Stress in the Euro Area.
João Sousa and Ricardo M. Sousa. Asset Returns Under Model Uncertainty: Evidence from the euro area, the U.K. and the U.S..
Urban Sila and Ricardo M. Sousa. Do Windfall Gains Affect Labour Supply? Evidence from the European Household Panel.
Fredj Jawadi and Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Policy in the BRICs.
Fredj Jawadi and Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. Monetary Policy Rules in the BRICS: How Important is Nonlinearity?.
Cristina Amado and Timo Teräsvirta. Modelling Changes in the unconditional variance of long stock return series.
Rodrigo Martins and Francisco José Veiga. Turnout and the modeling of economic conditions: Evidence from Portuguese elections.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. The Continuous Wavelet Transform: A Primer.
Luca Agnello and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal consolidation and income inequality.
Guglielmo Maria Caporale and Ricardo M. Sousa. Are stock and housing returns complements or substitutes? Evidence from OECD countries.
Guglielmo Maria Caporale and Ricardo M. Sousa. Consumption, Wealth, Stock and Housing Returns: Evidence from Emerging Markets.
Luca Agnello and Davide Furceri and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Policy discretion, private spending, and crisis episodes.
Luca Agnello and Ricardo M. Sousa. How do banking crises impact on income inequality.
Fernando Alexandre and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro Bação and Miguel Portela. A Poupança em Portugal.
Fernando Alexandre and Carmen Mendes. Growth, Consumption and Political Stability in China.
Vítor Castro. Macroeconomic determinants of the credit risk in the banking system: The case of the GIPSI.
Paulo Bastos and Natália P. Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Privatization and corporate restructuring.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Is there duration dependence in Portuguese local governments’ tenure?.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro and Geoff Stewart. Scale, Scope and Survival: A Comparison of LabourManaged and Capitalist Modes of Production.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Teresa Maria Rodrigues and Maria Joana Soares. Oil Shocks and the Euro as an Optimum Currency Area.
Paulo Bastos and Odd Rune Straume and Jaime A. Urrego. Rain, food and tariffs.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Can Competition Reduce Quality?.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital competition with soft budgets.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Odd Rune Straume and Steinar Vagstad. Employment protection and unemployment benefits : on technology adoption and job creation in a matching model.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Odd Rune Straume and Steinar Vagstad. Employment protection and unemployment benefits : on technology adoption and job creation in a matching model.
Luca Agnello and Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. Financial Reforms and Income Inequality.
Luca Agnello and Gilles Dufrénot and Ricardo M. Sousa. Adjusting the U.S. Fiscal Policy for Asset Prices: Evidence from a TVP-MS Framework.
Luca Agnello and Ricardo M. Sousa. Fiscal Adjustments and Income Inequality: A First Assessment.
Luca Agnello and Vitor Castro and Ricardo M. Sousa. Are there change-points in the likelihood of a fiscal consolidation ending?.
Luca Agnello and Vitor Castro and Ricardo M. Sousa. What determines the duration of a fiscal consolidation program?.
Linda Veiga. Voting functions in the EU-15.
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação. Portugal before and after the European Union: Facts on Nontradables.
Rosa Branca Esteves and Carlo Reggiani. Behaviour-Based Price Discrimination with Elastic Demand.
Oscar Afonso and Sara Monteiro and Maria Thompson. Innovation economy, productive public expenditures and economic growth.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Price discrimination with private and imperfect information.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Joana Resende. Competitive Targeted Adversitising with Price Discrimination.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Odd Rune Straume and Steinar Vagstad. Mommy tracks and public policy: On self-fulfilling prophecies and gender gaps in promotion.
Kurt Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital Mergers: A Spatial Competition Approach.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Teresa Maria Rodrigues and Maria Joana Soares. Oil shocks and the Euro as an Optimum Currency Area.
Ricardo M. Sousa. The effects of monetary policy in a small open economy : the case of Portugal.
Sushanta K. Mallick and Ricardo M. Sousa. Is technology factor-neutral? Evidence from the US manufacturing sector.
Fredj Jawadi and Ricardo M. Sousa. Structural breaks and nonlinearity in US and UK public debt.
Fredj Jawadi and Ricardo M. Sousa. Consumption and wealth in the US, the UK and the Euro Area : a nonlinear investigation.
Fredj Jawadi and Ricardo M. Sousa. Modelling Money Demand: Further Evidence from an International Comparison.
Fredj Jawadi and Ricardo M. Sousa. Money Demand in the euro area, the US and the UK: Assessing the Role of Nonlinearity.
Miguel Portela and Paul Schweinzer. The Parental Co-Immunization Hypothesis.
Susana Martins and Francisco José Veiga. Government Size, Composition of Public Expenditure, and Economic Development.
Paulo Bastos and Odd Rune Straume. Preschool education in Brazil: Does public supply crowd out private enrollment?.
Rodrigo Martins and Francisco José Veiga. Does Voter Turnout Affect the Votes for the Incumbent Government?.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães and Christoph A. Vanberg. Experimental evidence that quorum rules discourage turnout and promote election boycotts.
José Ferreira Silva and J. Cadima Ribeiro. As Assimetrias Regionais em Portugal: análise da convergência versus divergência ao nível dos municípios.
Ana Paula Faria and Natália Barbosa and Vasco Eiriz. Firms’ innovation across regions: an exploratory study.
Francisco José Veiga. Instituições, Estabilidade Política e Desempenho Económico Implicações para Portugal.
Vítor Castro and Megumi Kubota. Duration dependence and change-points in the likelihood of credit booms ending.
Natália Pimenta Monteiro and Geoffrey Stewart. Scale, Scope and Survival: A Comparison of Cooperative and Capitalist Modes of Production.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmäs and Odd Rune Straume. Price Regulation and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals.
luís Aguiar-Conraria and Manuel M. F. Martins and Maria Joana Soares. Estimating the Taylor Rule in the Time-Frequencey Domain.
Natália Barbosa and Ana Paula Faria and Vasco Eiriz. Industry- and firm-specific factors of innovation novelty.
Ana Paula Faria and Natália Barbosa. Does venture capital really foster innovation?.
Natália Barbosa and Maria Helena Guimarães and Ana Paula Faria. Single Market Non-Compliance: How Relevant is the Institutional Setting?.
Cristiana Cerqueira Leal and Manuel Rocha Armada and Gilberto Loureiro. Individual Investors Repurchasing Behavior: Preference for Stocks Previously Owned.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Customer Poaching with Retention Strategies.
Gilberto Loureiro and Alvaro G. Taboada. Equity Offerings Abroad and the adoption of IFRS: A test of the Capital Markets Liability of Foreignness.
Gilberto Loureiro and Alvaro G. Taboada. Do Improvements in the Information Environment Affect Real Investment Decisions.
Patrícia Bogas and Natália Barbosa. High-Growth Firms: What is the Impact of Region-Specific Characteristics?.
Rita Sousa and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. Carbon and Energy Prices:: Surfing tthe Wavelets of California.
Rui Nuno Baleiras. Em prol da previsibilidade e da sustentabilidade das finanças públicas: um comentário a ‘Controlo da Execução Orçamental no Estado.
Susana Bernardino and J. Freitas Santos. Implicações do contexto político-legal para o lançamento de novas iniciativas sociais em Portugal.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas. On inflation and money demand in a portfolio model with shopping costs.
Miguel Lebre de Freitas and Miguel de Faria e Castro. The Portuguese real exchange rate, 1995-2010: competitiveness or price effects.
Atsuyoshi Morozumi and Francisco José Veiga. Public spending and growth: the role of institutions.
Kurt Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital Mergers With Regulated Prices.
Kurt R. Brekke and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Horizontal Mergers and Product Quality.
Rita Sousa and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. Carbon Financial Markets: a time-frequency analysis of CO2 price drivers.
Rita Sousa and Luís Aguiar-Conraria. Dynamics of CO2 price drivers.
Shawkat Hammoudeh and Amine Lahiani and Duc Khuong Nguyen and Ricardo M. Sousa. Asymmetric and nonlinear pass-through of energy prices to CO2 emission allowance prices.
Shawkat Hammoudeh and Duc Khuong Nguyen and Ricardo M. Sousa. What explains the short-term dynamics of the prices of CO2 emissions?.
Atsuyoshi Morozumi and Francisco José Veiga and Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Electoral effects on the composition of public spendingand revenue: evidence from a large panel of countries.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga. Descentralização orçamental: questões de autonomia e responsabilização.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Francisco José Veiga. Determinants of Portuguese local governments’ indebtedness.
Rosa Branca Esteves. Behavior-Based Price Discrimination with Retention Offers.
Rosa Branca Esteves and Sofia Cerqueira. Behaviour-Based Price Discrimination under Advertising and Imperfectly Informed Consumers.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Are there political cycles hidden inside government expenditures.
Oscarina Conceição and Ana Paula Faria and Margarida Fontes. Location of research-based spin-offs:how relevant are regional effects?.
Kurt R. Brekke and Rosella Levaggi and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Patient Mobility and Health Care Quality when Regions and Patients Differ in Income.
Roberto Cellini and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. A Dynamic Model of Quality Competition with Endogenous Prices.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Karin Monstad and Odd Rune Straume. Do Treatment Decisions Depend on Physicians’ Financial Incentives?.
Kurt R. Brekke and Chiara Canta and Odd Rune Straume. Does Reference Pricing Drive Out Generic Competition in Pharmaceutical Markets? Evidence from a Policy Reform.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Karin Monstad and Odd Rune Straume. Socioeconomic Status and Physicians´ Treatment Decisions.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Budget, expenditures composition and political manipulation: Evidence from Portugal.
Maria Thompson. Social Capital, Innovation and Economic Growth.
Kurt R. Brekke and Chiara Canta and Odd Rune Straume. Reference Pricing with Endogenous Generic Entry.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro Brinca and Haukur Viðar Guðjónsson and Maria Joana Soares. Optimum Currency Area and Business Cycle Synchronization Across U.S. States.
S. Hammoudeh and D. K. Nguyen and R. M. Sousa. Energy prices and CO2 emission allowance prices: A quantile regression approach.
Abdellah Bouchellal and Vítor Castro. On the length of bank-firm relationships: An empirical application to a major French bank.
Vítor Castro. On the behaviour of the functional components of government expenditures during fiscal consolidations.
Gilberto Loureiro and Sónia Silva. Post-Operating Performance Of Cross-Delisted Firms From U.S. Stock Exchanges.
Gilberto Loureiro and Sónia Silva. Earnings Management And Stock Price Crashes Post-Cross-delisting.
Larry Fauver and Gilberto Loureiro and Alvaro Taboada. Equity Offerings, Stock Price Crash Risk, and the Impact of Securities Regulation: International Evidence.
Paulo J. Pereira and Artur Rodrigues. A theory on merger timing and announcement returns.
Gilberto Loureiro and Sónia Silva. Cross-Delisting, Financial Constraints And Investment Sensitivities.
Susana Bernardino and José Freitas Santos. Financing social ventures by crowdfunding: The influence of entrepreneurs’ personality traits.
André Corrêa D´Almeida and Paulo Reis Mourão. The Irrelevance of Political Parties’ Differences for Public Finances – Evidence from Public Deficit and Debt in Portugal (1974 – 2012).
José Freitas Santos and Laurentina Vareiro and Paula Remoaldo and José Cadima Ribeiro. Mega cultural events: Does attendance affect residents’ perceptions of a city’s identity?.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Qihong Liu and Jie Shuai. Behavior-Based Price Discrimination in a MultiDimensional Preferences Market.
Susana Bernardino and J. Freitas Santos and Sandra Fagundes. Uma abordagem qualitativa ao papel do capital social no desenvolvimento de iniciativas sociais em Portugal.
Vitor Castro. Functional components of public expenditure, fiscal consolidations and the economic activity.
Vitor Castro. On the behaviour of the functional components of government expenditures during fiscal consolidations.
Andreia Amorim and Rosa-Branca Esteves. Retention Strategies in a Switching Cost Model.
Toke S. Aidt and Vitor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Shades of red and blue: Political ideologyand sustainable development.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Francisco Veiga. Term limits at the local government level: evidence from a natural experiment.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. The Electoral Dynamics of Human Development.
Michael Bleaney and Manuela Francisco. Real Exchange Rate Volatility: Is Sub-Saharan Africa Different?.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Politically driven cycles in fiscal policy: In depth analysis of the functional components of government expenditures.
André Almeida and Hugo Figueiredo and João Cerejeira and Miguel Portela and Carla Sá. Returns to Postgraduate Education in Portugal: Holding on to a Higher Ground?.
Pedro C. Magalhães and Luís Aguiar-Conraria. Procedural Fairness and Economic Voting.
Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Francisco José Veiga. Term Limits and voter turnout.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmas and Karin Monstad and Odd Rune Straume. Competition and physician behaviour: does the competitive environment affect the propensity to issue sickness certificates?.
Elena Sochirca and Francisco José Veiga. Measuring political rivalry and estimating its effect on economic growth.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Sofia Cerqueira. Behavior-Based Pricing under Imperfectly Informed Consumers.
Rosa Branca Esteves and Joana Resende. Personalized Pricing with Targeted Advertising: Who are the Winners?.
Frank Bohn and Francisco José Veiga. Political Opportunism and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy in Election-year Recessions.
Natália P.Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Are cooperatives more productive than investor-owned firms? Cross-industry evidence from Portugal.
Paulo Bastos and Natália P. Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume. Foreign acquisition and internal organization∗.
Pedro C. Magalhães and Luis Aguiar-Conraria. Procedural Fairness, the Economy, and Support for Political Authorities.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Manuel M. F. Martins and Maria Joana Soares. Estimating the Taylor Rule in the Time-Frequency Domain.
Rita Sousa and Elsa Agante and João Cerejeira and Miguel Portela. EEE fees and the WEEE system – A model of efficiency and income in European countries.
Elena Sochirca and Francisco José Veiga. Key Determinants of elite rivalry: theoretical insights and empirical evidence.
Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Competition and Equity in Health Care Markets.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares and Rita Sousa. California´s Carbon Market and Energy Prices: A wavelet Analysis.
Mustapha Olalekan Ojo and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. A time-frequency analysis of the Canadian macroeconomy and the yield curve.
Rita Sousa and Adérito Santanta and Inês Mourão. Low-Emission Energy Outlook in Small Island Developing States – The case of Sao Tome And Principe.
Laurentina Vareiro and José Cadima Ribeiro and Paula Remoaldo. Destination attributes and tourist’s satisfaction in a cultural destination.
Cristina Amado and Annastiina Silvennoinen and Timo Teräsvirta. Modelling and forecasting WIG20 daily returns.
Elena Sochirca and Pedro Cunha Neves. Optimal policies, middle class development and human capital accumulation under elite rivalry.
Vítor Castro and Rodrigo Martins. Economic and political drivers of the duration of credit booms∗.
Arash Rezazadeh and Ana Carvalho. Towards a survival capabilities framework: Lessons from the Portuguese Textile and Clothing industry.
Nelson Areal and Ana Carvalho. Shoot-at-will: the effect of mass-shootings on US small gun manufacturers.
Arash Rezazadeh and Ana Carvalho. A value-based approach to business model innovation: Defining the elements of the concept.
Maria de Fátima Souza and Ana Carvalho. An Organizational Capacity model for wine cooperatives.
Kurt R. Brekke and Tor Helge Holmås and Karin Monstad and Odd Rune Straume. How does the type of remuneration affect physician behaviour? Fixed salary versus fee-for-service.
Susana Martins and Cristina Amado. Financial Market Contagion and the Sovereign Debt Crisis: A Smooth Transition Approach.
Cristina Amado and Annastiina Silvennoinen and Timo Teräsvirta. Models with Multiplicative Decomposition of Conditional Variances and Correlations.
Domenico Lisi and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital Competition under Pay-for-Performance: Quality, Mortality and Readmissions.
Natália P. Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume and Marieta Valente. Does remote work improve or impair firm labour productivity? Longitudinal evidence from Portugal.
João Martins and Linda G. Veiga. Undergraduate students’ economic literacy, knowledge of the country’s economic performance and opinions regarding appropriate economic policies.
Luís Sá. Hospital Competition Under Patient Inertia: Do Switching Costs Stimulate Quality Provision?.
Rose C. Liao and Gilberto Loureiro and Alvaro G. Taboada. Women on Bank Boards: Evidence from Gender Quotas around the World.
Rosa-Branca Esteves and Qihong Liu and Jie Shuai. Behavior-Based Price Discrimination with Non-Uniform Distribution of Consumer Preferences.
Linda Veiga and Georgios Efthyvoulou and Atsuyoshi Morozumi. Political Budget Cycles: Conditioning Factors and New Evidence.
Luís Sá and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Dynamic Hospital Competition Under Rationing by Waiting Times.
Kurt R. Brekke and Chiara Canta and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Hospital Competition in the National Health Service: Evidence from a Patient Choice Reform.
Paulo Soares Esteves and Miguel Portela and António Rua. Does domestic demand matter for firms’ exports?.
Fernando Alexandre and Hélder Costa and Miguel Portela and Miguel Rodrigues. Asymmetric regional dynamics: from bust to recovery.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Manuel M. F. Martins and Maria Joana Soares. The Phillips Curve at 60: time for time and frequency.
Michele Bisceglia and Roberto Cellini and Luigi Siciliani and Odd Rune Straume. Optimal Dynamic Volume-Based Price Regulation.
Margarita Carvalho and João Cerejeira. Mergers and Acquisitions and wage effects in the Portuguese banking sector.
Margarita Carvalho and João Cerejeira. Financialization, Corporate Governance and Employee Pay: A Firm Level Analysis.
Margarita Carvalho and João Cerejeira. Level Leverage decisions and manager characteristics.
Kjell Erik Lommerud and Frode Meland and Odd Rune Straume. International Outsourcing and Trade Union (De-)Centralisation.
Frank Bohn and Francisco José Veiga. Political Budget Forecast Cycles.
Mustapha Olalekan Ojo and Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Maria Joana Soares. A Time-Frequency Analysis of Sovereign Debt Contagion in Europe.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Manuel M. F. Martins and Maria Joana Soares. Okun’s Law Across Time and Frequencies.
Dudley Cooke and Ana P. Fernandes and Priscila Ferreira. Entry Deregulation, Firm Organization and Wage Inequality.
Fernando Alexandre and Sara Cruz and Miguel Portela. Financial distress and the role of management in micro and small-sized firms.
Fernando Alexandre and Pedro Bação and Miguel Portela. A flatter life-cycle consumption profile.
Luís Aguiar-Conraria and Pedro C. Magalhães and Christoph A. Vanberg. What are the best quorum rules? A Laboratory Investigation.
Robert F. Engle and Susana Campos-Martins. Measuring and Hedging Geopolitical Risk.
Tommy Staahl Gabrielsen and Bjørn Olav Johansen and Odd Rune Straume. National Pricing with Local Quality Competition.
Ziad Ghandour and Odd Rune Straume. Quality competition in mixed oligopoly.
Diogo Teixeira and José Cadima Ribeiro. Residents’ perceptions of the tourism impacts on a mature destination: the case of Madeira Island.
Kayode Taiwo and Linda G. Veiga. Is there an “invisible hand” in the formula-based intergovernmental transfers in Nigeria?.
Luís Sá and Odd Rune Straume. Quality provision in hospital markets with demand inertia: the role of patient expectations.
Kurt R. Brekke and Dag Morten Dalen and Odd Rune Straume. Paying for pharmaceuticals: Uniform pricing versus two-part tariffs.